In her defence of Louis XVI de Gouges expresses her customary fair-mindedness, in her understanding of the Convention's Parisian bias, her … Schreiben im Sinne der Aufklärung Olympe de Gouges nahm sie als Künstlernamen an. Olympe de Gouges wurde als Marie Gouze am 07.05.1748 in Montauban, Südfrankreich, geboren. Olympe de Gouges, geboren 1748, war eine französische Revolutionärin und Frauenrechtlerin. They never forgave her, and she paid for her carelessness with her head. [19] Olympe was executed only a month after Condorcet had been proscribed, and just three days after the Girondin leaders had been guillotined. [2] Gouges attended the artistic and philosophical salons of Paris, where she met many writers, including La Harpe, Mercier, and Chamfort, as well as future politicians such as Brissot and Condorcet. November 1793 in Paris) war eine Revolutionärin, Frauenrechtlerin, Schriftstellerin und Autorin von Theaterstücken und Romanen im Zeitalter der Aufklärung. http://sonntagssoziologe.de Die Menschenrechte der Französischen Revolution galten ausschließlich für Männer. She must possess equally the right to mount the speaker's platform. Herausgegeben von Gabriela Wachter, Parthas, Berlin 2006, Mousset, Sophie: Women’s Rights and the French Revolution. Her body was disposed of in the Madeleine Cemetery. At the 15 November 1793 meeting of the Commune, Pierre Gaspard Chaumette cautioned a group of women wearing Phrygian bonnets, reminding them of "the impudent Olympe de Gouges, who was the first woman to start up women's political clubs, who abandoned the cares of her home, to meddle in the affairs of the Republic, and whose head fell under avenging blade of the law". In 1791, in response to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, she wrote the Déclaration des droits de la Femme et de la Citoyenne ("Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen"). The same year she wrote a series of pamphlets on a range of social concerns, such as illegitimate children. It is commonly believed that she was born and raised in a modest family, the daughter of Pierre Gouze, a butcher, and Anne Olympe Moisset, a maidservant. These citizens had the right to vote. [38] Gouges signed her public letters with citoyenne, the feminised version of citizen. "[3] Her husband died a year later, and in 1770 she moved to Paris with her son to live with her sister. That piece demanded a plebiscite for a choice among three potential forms of government: the first, a unitary republic, the second, a federalist government, or the third, a constitutional monarchy. Sie schrieb vor allem Theaterstücke. Olympe de Gouges (French: [olɛ̃p də ɡuʒ] (listen); born Marie Gouze; 7 May 1748 – 3 November 1793) was a French playwright and political activist whose writings on women's rights and abolitionism reached a large audience in various countries. Sie ist die Verfasserin der Erklärung der Rechte der Frau und Bürgerin von 1791. It has been suggested that she adopted this notion from Rousseau's letter To the Republic of Geneva, where he speaks directly to two types of Genevans: the "dear fellow citizens" or his "brothers", and the aimables et virtueeses Citoyenne, that is the women citizens. [31] The same year Gouges was executed the pamphlet On the Marriage of Two Celebrated Widows was published anonymously, proclaiming that "two celebrated widows, ladies of America and France, after having repudiated their husbands on account of their ill treatment, conceived of the design of living together in the strictest union and friendship. She was an advocate for abolishing slaves in the colonies, but is best known for her work as an early feminist writer. Olympe de Gouges, rojena Marie Gouze, francoska dramatičarka in aktivistka, * 7. maj 1748, Montauban, Francija, † 3. november 1793, Pariz.. Bila je ena izmed prvih bork za pravice žensk in njihovo enakopravnost v družbi. The anti-imperial Irish Rebellion of 1798 was whipped up by Anglo-Irish women such as Maria Edgeworth, but the quest of Catholics for political rights was brutally suppressed by the British military. But the play closed after three performances; the lobby had paid hecklers to sabotage the performances.[6]. But having quickly perceived how atrocious the system adopted by the Jacobins was, she chose to retrace her steps. Olympe de Gouges, also called Marie-Olympe de Gouges, original name Marie Gouze, married name Marie Aubry, (born May 7, 1748, Montauban, France—died November 3, 1793, Paris), French social reformer and writer who challenged conventional views on a number of matters, especially the role of women as citizens. In the public letter Remarques Patriotique from December 1788 Gouges justified why she is publishing her political thoughts, arguing that "This dream, strange though it may seem, will show the nation a truly civic heart, a spirit that is always concerned with the public good". [41] "[21], Her execution was used as a warning to other politically active women. The first act ends with Gouges reproving the queen for having seditious intentions and lecturing her about how she should lead her people. Her most famous work was the "Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen," the publication of which resulted in Gouges being tried and convicted of treason. The French Constitution marked the birth of the short-lived constitutional monarchy and implemented a status based citizenship. She addressed her public letters, published often as pamphlets, to statesmen such as Jacques Necker, the Duke of Orléans, or the queen Marie-Antoinette. Al año siguiente enviudó y quedó con su único hijo, Pierre Aubry, que había nacido también en ese año. Gouges took to the street, and on behalf of the French people proclaimed "Let us plunge into the Seine! [23] Lacombe, Léon and Theroigne de Mericourt had spoken at women's and mixed clubs, and the Assemblée, while Gouges had shown a reluctance to engage in public speaking, but prolifically published pamphlets. Mit dieser Erklärung hinterließ Olympe de Gouges ein Dokument, das den Versuch einer geistigen Revolution innerhalb des revolutionären Prozesses bezeugt. [27], Gouges' Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen had been widely reproduced and influenced the writings of women's advocates in the Atlantic world. Olympe de Gouges (1748-1793) hieß eigentlich Marie Gouze. In other writings she attacked slavery and the death penalty, and argued in favour of divorce. [12] In December 1792, when Louis XVI was about to be put on trial, she wrote to the National Assembly offering to defend him, causing outrage among many deputies. However, her remains—like those of the other victims of the Reign of Terror—have been lost through burial in communal graves, so any reburial (like that of Marquis de Condorcet) would be only ceremonial. She was declared the daughter of Pierre Gouze, bourgeois of Montauban, master butcher - he did not sign at the baptism because he was absent - and of Anne Olympe Mouisset, daughter of a lawyer from a family of merchants, married in 1737 The latter, born in 1712, was the goddaughter of the Marquis Jean-Jacques Lefranc de Pompignan (Anne's father had been Jean-Jacques' tutor), born in 1709, with whom she would have maintained a romantic relationship. 1783-1793 Theaterstücke, Romane und politische Schriften, die die politische Umsetzung der Aufklärung veranschaulichen. You love glory; think, Madame, the greatest crimes immortalize one as much as the greatest virtues, but what a different fame in the annals of history! [36] Although she was a celebrity in her lifetime and a prolific author, Gouges became largely forgotten, but then rediscovered through a political biography by Olivier Blanc in the mid 1980s.[37]. She was possibly the illegitimate daughter of Jean-Jacques Le Franc de Caix (the Marquis de Pompignan), himself a man of letters and a playwright (among whose claims to fame in… "[49], French Wikisource has original text related to this article: Olympe de Gouges, Significant civil and political events by year, The Three Urns, or the Salvation of the Fatherland, by an Aerial Traveller, France Preserved, or The Tyrant Dethroned, Olympe de Gouges at the Revolutionary tribunal, Chronicle of the French Revolution, Longman, 1989 p. 235, Chronicle of the French Revolution, Longman 1989 p. 311, Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen, Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, Society of Revolutionary Republican Women, Women's Petition to the National Assembly, "I Foresaw it All: The Amazing Life and Oeuvre of Olympe de Gouges", Olympe de Gouges, a Daughter of Quercy on her Way to the Panthéon, "Olympe de Gouges's trial and the affective politics of denaturalization in France", A website containing English translations of de Gouges' works, An extensive article about Olympe de Gouges, An excerpt from the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen, Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau, Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth, Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau, List of people associated with the French Revolution, Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olympe_de_Gouges&oldid=989347872, French people executed by guillotine during the French Revolution, 18th-century French dramatists and playwrights, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2018, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 18 November 2020, at 13:44. Dieser gehörte einem ortsansässigen Adelsgeschlecht an, ging aber bald nach der Geburt Maries nach Paris, wo er sich als Literat einen Namen machte und an di… Olympe de Gouges - Vorkämpferin für Frauenrechte – Französischen Revolution -Autorin – Theaterstücke - 1748 geboren, „Erklärung der Rechte der Frau und der Bürgerin“ (1791 -vom Revolutionstribunal am 3. A partir de 1770 Olympe se mudó a París, con la principal intención de que su hijo obtuviera educación de calidad. [2], In Paris she started a relationship with the wealthy Jacques Biétrix de Rozières, but refused his marriage proposal. She usually was invited to the salons of Madame de Montesson and the Comtesse de Beauharnais, who also were playwrights. "[48], Public letters, or pamphlets, were the primary means for the working class and women writers to engage in the public debate of revolutionary France. [46], As the politics of revolutionary France changed and progressed Gouges failed to become an actor on the political stage, but in her letters offered advice to the political establishment. Marie-Olympe de Gouges was born Marie Gouzes in Montauban, in southern France, on December 31, 1748. In this position she wrote her best-known work, the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen. The actress Véronique Genest read an excerpt from the Declaration of the Rights of Woman. Born Marie Gouze she first adopted the name Olympe de Gouges for her early plays. But in revolutionary France there were only citoyen. Marie Gouze was born into a petit bourgeois family in 1748 in Montauban, Quercy (in the present-day department of Tarn-et-Garonne), in southwestern France. [40] Among other themes she wrote plays on the slave trade, divorce, marriage, debtors' prisons, children's rights, and government work schemes for the unemployed. Gouges, Olympe de: Die Rechte der Frau und andere Schriften./ Les droits de la femme. Gouges' contemporary Madame Roland of the Gironde party became notorious for her Letter to Louis XVI in 1792. Olympe de Gouges schreibt: „Selbstbewusst und selbstlos wie dieser nämliche Mercier wurde ich umso umtriebiger.“ Mercier soll recht behalten. Olympe de Gouges wrote her famous " Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen " shortly after the French constitution of 1791 was created in the same year. Today she is perhaps best known as an early women's rights advocate who demanded that French women be given the same rights as French men. In her open letter to Marie-Antoinette, Gouges declared: "I could never convince myself that a princess, raised in the midst of grandeur, had all the vices of baseness... Madame, may a nobler function characterize you, excite your ambition, and fix your attention. The one is ceaselessly taken as an example, and the other is eternally the execration of the human race. At the end of the 18th century influential political actors such as Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord and Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès were not convinced of the case for equality. [1] Hon var politisk aktivist, feminist, författare och dramatiker.Hon är författaren till Deklarationen om kvinnans och medborgarinnans rättigheter (1791). She also was associated with Masonic Lodges, among them the Loge des Neuf Sœurs that was created by her friend Michel de Cubières. [7], In 1790 and 1791, in the French colony of Saint-Domingue (present-day Haiti), free people of colour and African slaves revolted in response to the ideals expressed in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen. Why Famous: Beginning her career as a playwright in pre-revolutionary France, Gouges became politically active after the outbreak of revolution in 1789. Both Gouges and her prosecutor used this play as evidence in her trial. She attempted to unmask the villains through the literary productions which she had printed and put up. Olympe de Gouges, ursprungligen Marie Gouze, född 7 maj 1748 i Montauban, död genom avrättning 3 november 1793, var en fransk revolutionär. "[11] Michelet opposed any political participation by women and thus disliked Gouges. [28] One year after its publication, in 1792, the keen observer of the French Revolution Mary Wollstonecraft published Vindication of the Rights of Woman. [24] However, Chaumette was a staunch opponent of the Girondins, and had characterised Gouges as unnatural and unrepublican prior to her execution. On 3 November 1793 the Revolutionary Tribunal sentenced her to death and she was executed for seditious behavior and attempting to reinstate the monarchy. After the execution of Louis XVI she became wary of Robespierre's Montagnard faction and in open letters criticized their violence and summary assassinations. The influential Abraham-Joseph Bénard remarked "Mme de Gouges is one of those women to whom one feels like giving razor blades as a present, who through their pretensions lose the charming qualities of their sex... Every woman author is in a false position, regardless of her talent". [26] 1793 marked the start of the Reign of Terror in post-revolutionary France, where thousands of people were executed. One of the slave protagonist explains that the French must gain their own freedom, before they can deal with slavery. She drew a parallel between colonial slavery and political oppression in France. In the same year Gouges penned Letter to Citizen Robespierre, which Robespierre refused to answer. A number of her plays were published and some are extant. In language and practice this was a debate among men and about men. Ve své Deklaraci práv ženy a občanky kritizovala nadvládu mužů a nerovnost pohlaví. While politically active women were executed the Convention banned all women's political associations. A passionate advocate of human rights, Gouges greeted the outbreak of the Revolution with hope and joy, but soon became disenchanted when égalité (equal rights) was not extended to women. Clémence Bodoc, web rédactrice chez madmoizelle.com , nous décrit la « zone grise », moment où les interprétations diverses demandent l’avis de l’autre, du vis-à-vis, pour ne pas commettre une agression. [29] Writings on women and their lack of rights became widely available. Mme de Gouges, die geistige Mutter der Menschenrechte für weibliche Menschen, ist die bedeutendste politische Denkerin im patriarchalen Europa: Ihre »Erklärung der Rechte der Frau und Bürgerin« (1791) ist ein bis heute unübertroffen scharfsinniges Dokument konsequenten Widerstandes gegen die »Erklärung der Männer- und Bürgerrechte« (1789), verfasst von Bürgern und Hausvätern. [34], After her execution her son Pierre Aubry signed a letter, denying his endorsement for her political legacy. Then she took the side of the Girondins and … [4] For Gouges there was a direct link between the autocratic monarchy in France and the institution of slavery, she argued that "Men everywhere are equal… Kings who are just do not want slaves; they know that they have submissive subjects". Transaction Publ, 2006. Bild »Christine de Pizan« [M]: PD — Zeichenerklärung: [M] bearbeitet — Lizenztexte: CC BY-SA 3.0 — Infos zu Bildmaterial und Lizenzen auf geboren.am ›. It seems as though the judge based this argument on Gouges' tendency to represent herself in her writings. [41] In the final act of l'Esclavage des Noirs Gouges lets the French colonial master, not the slave, utter a prayer for freedom: "Let our common rejoicings be a happy portent of liberty". On 6 March 2004, the junction of the Rues Béranger, Charlot, de Turenne, and de Franche-Comté in Paris was proclaimed the Place Olympe de Gouges. Mai 1748 in Montauban; † 3. The facts about her true parentage are somewhat vague, and de Gouges herself contributed to the confusion by encouraging rumors about her illegitimacy. The intention was not to court the favour of the addressee, often a public figure. "[7], This was followed by her Contrat Social ("Social Contract," named after a famous work of Jean-Jacques Rousseau), proposing marriage based upon gender equality. [16] Through her friends, she managed to publish two texts: Olympe de Gouges au tribunal révolutionnaire ("Olympe de Gouges at the Revolutionary tribunal"), in which she related her interrogations; and her last work, Une patriote persécutée ("A [female] patriot persecuted"), in which she condemned the Terror. That year a number of women with a public role in politics were executed, including Madame Roland and Marie-Antoinette. She remained close to Rozières throughout the French Revolution. It was there that the commissioners found an unfinished play titled La France Sauvée ou le Tyran Détroné ("France Preserved, or The Tyrant Dethroned"). Geboren wurde sie allerdings schon 1748 (und nicht 1755). The presiding judge denied Gouges her legal right to a lawyer on the grounds that she was more than capable of representing herself. [39], Gouges signed her pamphlets with citoyenne. The new Républicaine was the republican mother that nurtured the new citizen. In early 1789 she published Patriotic remarks setting out her proposals for social security, care for the elderly, institutions for homeless children, hostels for unemployed, and the introduction of a jury system. In that pamphlet she expressed, for the first time, her famous statement: "A woman has the right to mount the scaffold. A la temprana edad de 17 años fue forzada a contraer matrimonio con Louis-Yves Aubry, el 24 de octubre de 1765. [2] Gouges was also attacked by those who thought that a woman's proper place was not in the theatre. Olympe de Gouges wurde in Montauban in Frankreich geboren und verstarb in Paris (auf dem Revolutionsplatz, heute Place de la Concorde) . Juli 1793 wurde auf der Brücke Saint-Michel in Paris Olympe de Gouges verhaf­tet, als sie zusam­men mit dem Buchhänd­ler-Verle­ger Costard und dem Plaka­tie­rer Trottier ein Plakat anbrin­gen wollte mit dem Titel: „Les trois urnes ou le salut de la patrie, par un voyager aérien“. [39], Gouges penned more than 30 plays, often with a socially critical theme. The problem was that law of the revolution made it a capital offense for anyone to publish a book or pamphlet that encouraged reestablishing the monarchy. Sie war eine der jüngeren Töchter des kleinbürgerlichen Ehepaares Anne-Olympe und Pierre Gouze, ihr leiblicher Vater war jedoch vermutlich Jean-Jacques Le Franc de Pompignan. Paradoxically, the two women who had started the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women, Claire Lacombe and Pauline Léon were not executed. She continued to publish political essays between 1788 and 1791. [35] He tried to change her name in the records, to Marie Aubry, but the name she had given herself has endured. [2], In 1765 aged 16 she was married against her will to Louis Aubry, a caterer. 14. [1] Her mother afforded her a bourgeois education. "[32] Revolutionary novels were published that put women at the centre of violent struggle, such as the narratives written by Helen Maria Williams and Leonora Sansay. Zitiert nach: Olympe de Gouges, Schriften, Frankfurt 1980, S. 41ff, übersetzt von Monika Dillier. [15], After her arrest, the commissioners searched her house for evidence. Olympe de Gouges was a French playwright and political activist whose writings on women's rights and abolitionism reached a large audience in various countries. Montauban – Frankreich. [43], Gouges wrote her famous Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen shortly after the French Constitution of 1791 was ratified by King Louis XVI, and dedicated it to his wife, Queen Marie Antoinette. [45], In her early political letters Gouges made a point of being a woman, and that she spoke "as a woman". However, it was rumored that de Gouges's mother, who reportedly was a beautiful women … Members sometimes gathered at the home of the well-known women's rights advocate, Sophie de Condorcet. Ihr Geburtsort ist Montauban nahe Toulose in Südfrankreich. De Gouges' Sterbeort … She began her career as a playwright in the early 1780s. The prosecutor claimed that Gouges' depictions of the queen threatened to stir up sympathy and support for the Royalists, whereas Gouges stated that the play showed that she had always been a supporter of the Revolution. In transferring sovereignty to the nation the constitution dismantled the old regime, but Gouges argued that it did not go far enough. Olympe de Gouges (rozená Marie Gouze, 7. května 1748 Montabaun– 3. listopadu 1793 Paříž) byla francouzská dramatička a spisovatelka s feministickým a demokratickým smýšlením. A record of her papers which were seized in 1793, at the time of her execution, lists about 40 plays. According to MP Jean-Baptiste Poncet-Delpech and others, "all of Montauban" knew that Lefranc de Pompignan was the adulterous father of the future Olympe de Gouges. [30], American women began to refer to themselves as citess or citizeness and took to the streets to achieve equality and freedom. Biografie: Olympe de Gouges, eigentlich Marie Gouze, war eine Revolutionärin, Frauenrechtlerin, Schriftstellerin und Autorin von Theaterstücken im Zeitalter der Aufklärung. [16], She spent three months in jail without an attorney, trying to defend herself. The People will one day burst their chains and will claim all its rights under Natural law. In her letter she argued that he had been duped–that he was guilty as a king, but innocent as a man, and that he should be exiled rather than executed. At the same time, she began writing political pamphlets. This earned her the ire of many hard-line republicans, even into the next generation—such as the 19th-century historian Jules Michelet, a fierce apologist for the Revolution, who wrote, "She allowed herself to act and write about more than one affair that her weak head did not understand. Olympe de Gouges (born Marie Gouze; May 7, 1748–November 3, 1793) was a French writer and activist who promoted women's rights and the abolition of slavery. [16], Her son Pierre Aubry was suspended from his office as vice-general and head of battalion after her arrest. [5] She came to the public's attention with the play l'Esclavage des Noirs, which was staged at the famous Comédie-Française in 1785. November in Paris (auf dem Revolutionsplatz, heute Place de la Concorde) in. In these pamphlets she advanced the public debate on issues that would later be picked up by feminists, such as Flora Tristan. Only one whom chance had elevated to an eminent position can assume the task of lending weight to the progress of the Rights of Woman and of hastening its success. Britannica Explores. Gouges was defiant, she wrote "I'm determined to be a success, and I'll do it in spite of my enemies." Olympe de Gouges (eigentlich Marie Gouze; * 7. Wikipedia: Olympe de Gouges in der freien Enzyklopädie, Infos zu Bildmaterial und Lizenzen auf geboren.am ›, Tod mit 45 Jahren am 3. But like the writings of Etta Palm d'Aelders, Theroigne de Mericourt, Claire Lacombe and Marquis de Condorcet, her arguments fell on deaf ears. Like men who could not pay the poll tax, children, domestic servants, rural day-laborers and slaves, Jews, actors and hangmen, women had no political rights. Finally, her poster Les trois urnes, ou le salut de la Patrie, par un voyageur aérien ("The Three Urns, or the Salvation of the Fatherland, by an Aerial Traveller") of 1793, led to her arrest. Women were by definition not afforded any rights of active citizenship. She believed that she was the illegitimate daughter of Jean-Jacques Lefranc, Marquis de Pompignan. Olympe de Gouges is considered as one of the first feminists. Women were not granted political rights in revolutionary France, thus Gouges used her pamphlets to enter the public debate and she argued that the debate needed to include the female civic voice. It was only in October 1792 that the Convention decreed the use of citoyenne to replace Madame and Mademoiselle. In her Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen (1791), she challenged the practice of male authority and the notion of male-female inequality. [20] Olympe's last moments were depicted by an anonymous Parisian who kept a chronicle of events: "Yesterday, at seven o'clock in the evening, a most extraordinary person called Olympe de Gouges who held the imposing title of woman of letters, was taken to the scaffold, while all of Paris, while admiring her beauty, knew that she didn't even know her alphabet.... She approached the scaffold with a calm and serene expression on her face, and forced the guillotine's furies, which had driven her to this place of torture, to admit that such courage and beauty had never been seen before.... That woman... had thrown herself in the Revolution, body and soul. Von Frauenfeinden bösartig diffamiert, von Repub… Gouges said in a semi-autobiographical novel (Mémoire de Madame de Valmont contre la famille de Flaucourt), "I was married to a man I did not love and who was neither rich nor well-born.