Schmitter, Comparative Politics: Its Past, Present and Future (2016), 1 Chinese Political Science Review, 397, at 410, "European Union is the most complex polity in the world". ), Randstad (Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, Utrecht et al. It raised great hopes of further European integration, and there were fevered debates in the two years that followed as to how this could be achieved. The majority of the population lives in areas with a temperate maritime climate (North-Western Europe and Central Europe), a Mediterranean climate (Southern Europe), or a warm summer continental or hemiboreal climate (Northern Balkans and Central Europe). Kroatien seit 2013 12. Aber: Wenn ein Land der EU beitreten will, muss es zunächst einmal zu Europa gehören. [15] A monetary union was established in 1999, coming into full force in 2002, and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency. [169], Under the principle of supremacy, national courts are required to enforce the treaties that their member states have ratified, and thus the laws enacted under them, even if doing so requires them to ignore conflicting national law, and (within limits) even constitutional provisions. The EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of lawsthat apply in all member states in those matters, and only those matters, where members have agreed to act as one. [r], The direct effect and supremacy doctrines were not explicitly set out in the European Treaties but were developed by the Court of Justice itself over the 1960s, apparently under the influence of its then most influential judge, Frenchman Robert Lecourt[170]. The twenty-seven states have agreed by treaty to shared sovereignty through the institutions of the European Union in some (but by no means all) aspects of government. It convenes at least four times a year and comprises the President of the European Council (Charles Michel), the President of the European Commission and one representative per member state (either its head of state or head of government). The Court of Auditors is legally obliged to provide the Parliament and the council (specifically, the Economic and Financial Affairs Council) with "a statement of assurance as to the reliability of the accounts and the legality and regularity of the underlying transactions". [233] The euro is the second largest reserve currency as well as the second most traded currency in the world after the United States dollar.[234][235][236]. The 705 Members of the European Parliament (MEPs) are directly elected by EU citizens every five years on the basis of proportional representation. The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (Josep Borrell) also takes part in its meetings. [250] Around 46% of the energy consumed was produced within the member states while 54% was imported. [127] The lowest points in the EU are Lammefjorden, Denmark and Zuidplaspolder, Netherlands, at 7 m (23 ft) below sea level. [212] Frontex is an agency of the EU established to manage the cooperation between national border guards securing its external borders. Almost all uranium is imported and nuclear power is considered primary energy produced in the EU. EU trade marks give protection in all Member States of the Union, for those who want that option. Article 256(1) (ex article 225(1)) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, on. It shares with the Council of the EU equal legislative powers to amend, approve or reject Commission proposals for most areas of EU legislation. ", Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, Treaty establishing the European Defence Community, High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, a debt crisis in some of the Eurozone countries, increasing migration from Africa and Asia, referendum in the UK on its membership of the European Union, formal withdrawal procedure for leaving the EU, List of cities in the European Union by population within city limits, list of urban areas in the European Union, European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, different compositions depending on the policy area being addressed, Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Directorate-General for European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations, European Commission's Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection department, European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument, Directorate-General for International Cooperation and Development, UN Conference on Environment and Development, 500 largest corporations in the world measured by revenue, Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics, the free circulation of goods, capital, people, and services within the EU, Directive on services in the internal market, Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union, European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority, European Securities and Markets Authority, European Commissioner for Industry and Entrepreneurship, Environmental Impact Assessment Directive, European Commissioner for the Environment, Institute for European Environmental Policy, Educational policies and initiatives of the European Union, Framework Programmes for Research and Technological Development, research and technological framework programmes, Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety, Directorate-General for Health and Consumers, Special member state territories and the European Union, List of multilateral free-trade agreements, European Union–United Kingdom free trade agreement, Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen, Article 4 of the Statute of the Council of Europe, "European Commission – Frequently asked questions on languages in Europe", "Cyrillic, the third official alphabet of the EU, was created by a truly multilingual European", "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020", "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2020 (EU countries)", "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey", "Inequalities in Human Development in the 21st Century", "The EU Single Market: Fewer barriers, more opportunities", "Activities of the European Union: Internal Market", "Less than a State, More than an International Organization: The Sui Generis Nature of the European Union", "Brexit day: end of an era as United Kingdom leaves EU – as it happened-GB", "European Union reaches 500 Million through Combination of Accessions, Migration and Natural Growth", "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019 (global)", "A European Cultural Identity? These were intervention stores of products bought up by the Community to maintain minimum price levels. [86] 2.4 million immigrants from non-EU countries entered the EU in 2017. In 2004, the EU saw its biggest enlargement to date when Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia joined the Union.[71]. In the eurozone, trade is helped by not having any currency differences to deal with amongst most members. [87][88], The EU contains about 40 urban areas with populations of over 1 million. While services account for 60–70% of GDP, legislation in the area is not as developed as in other areas. [262], The policy's price controls and market interventions led to considerable overproduction. The EU is independent from the Council of Europe, although they share purpose and ideas, especially on the rule of law, human rights and democracy. To that end, a number of efforts were made to increase the EU's military capability, notably the Helsinki Headline Goal process. Trade marks - video description. ein "De facto" unabhängiger Staat (Republik Kosovo). [144][145][146] The commission is 'guardian of the Treaties' and is responsible for their efficient operation and policing. [197] The EEAS will serve as a foreign ministry and diplomatic corps for the European Union. It acts externally as a "collective head of state" and ratifies important documents (for example, international agreements and treaties).[142]. [206], Since the withdrawal of the United Kingdom, France is the only member officially recognised as a nuclear weapon state and the sole holder of a permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council. The European Union (EU) consists of 27 member states. 65,993 km (41,006 mi) coastline dominates the European climate (Natural Park of Penyal d'Ifac, Spain), Mont Blanc in the Alps is the highest peak in the EU, The Danube (pictured in Budapest), is the longest river in the European Union, Repovesi National Park in Finland, where there are some 187,888 lakes larger than 500 square metres (5,382 sq ft), Nuorgam, a village in the Utsjoki municipality, is the northernmost point of the European Union, Including the overseas territories of France which are located outside the continent of Europe, but which are members of the union, the EU experiences most types of climate from Arctic (north-east Europe) to tropical (French Guiana), rendering meteorological averages for the EU as a whole meaningless. [278] The EU has adopted an emissions trading system to incorporate carbon emissions into the economy. It maintains permanent diplomatic missions throughout the world and represents itself at the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the G7 and the G20. To prevent the joining states from getting into financial trouble or crisis after entering the monetary union, they were obliged in the Maastricht treaty to fulfil important financial obligations and procedures, especially to show budgetary discipline and a high degree of sustainable economic convergence, as well as to avoid excessive government deficits and limit the government debt to a sustainable level. Europa : Rangordnung der Statistiken – Waldfläche (% der Land) Die 5 höchsten Datensätze für souveräne Staaten (1 pro Land) seit 1990 : 1 - Finnland - Waldfläche (% der Land) war : 73,69 % in 2000 2 - Schweden - Waldfläche (% der Land) war : 68,92 % in 2013 3 - Slowenien - … [244] According to the Treaty the provision of services is a residual freedom that only applies if no other freedom is being exercised. Die Paneuropa-Union tritt im Sinne des europäischen Föderalismus für ein politisch und wirtschaftlich geeintes, demokratisches und friedliches Europa auf Grundlage des christlich-abendländischen Wertefundaments ein. The European Constitution in the Making. Die Europäische Union (EU) hingegen ist ein Staatenverbundaus 28 europäischen Ländern. [299] Actions taken in the cultural area by the EU include the Culture 2000 seven-year programme,[299] the European Cultural Month event,[300] and orchestras such as the European Union Youth Orchestra. The EU has long sought to mitigate the effects of free markets by protecting workers rights and preventing social and environmental dumping. The anthem of the Union is an instrumental version of the prelude to the Ode to Joy, the 4th movement of Ludwig van Beethoven's ninth symphony. Die EU-Länder im Vergleich: Wer impft schneller gegen Covid-19? The candidates are supported financially, administratively and technically during this pre-accession period. Greece joined in 1981, Portugal and Spain following in 1986. Als eigenständiger Staat wäre es größer als Deutschland und läge weltweit an 59. In the decades following the outcomes of the Congress of Vienna,[42] ideals of European unity flourished across the continent, especially in the writings of Wojciech Jastrzębowski (1799–1882)[43] or Giuseppe Mazzini (1805–1872). [317], Media freedom is a fundamental right that applies to all member states of the European Union and its citizens, as defined in the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights as well as the European Convention on Human Rights. Post-Maastricht there has been a rapidly developing corpus of ECJ judgements regarding this initially neglected freedom. Die Paneuropa-Union (alternative Schreibweise Paneuropaunion) wurde 1922 gegründet und ist damit die älteste noch bestehende europäische Einigungsbewegung. defence). [141] It is actively involved in the negotiation of treaty changes and defines the EU's policy agenda and strategies. [288], The EU has no major competences in the field of health care and Article 35 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union affirms that "A high level of human health protection shall be ensured in the definition and implementation of all Union policies and activities". [193], The aims of the CFSP are to promote both the EU's own interests and those of the international community as a whole, including the furtherance of international co-operation, respect for human rights, democracy, and the rule of law. Countries accede to the union by becoming party to the founding treaties, thereby subjecting themselves to the privileges and obligations of EU membership. [117] The countries where the fewest people reported a religious belief were Estonia (16%) and the Czech Republic (19%). Regulations become law in all member states the moment they come into force, without the requirement for any implementing measures,[v] and automatically override conflicting domestic provisions. [174] Decisions from the General Court can be appealed to the Court of Justice but only on a point of law. The European Commission conducts its internal business in three procedural languages: English, French, and German. and Upper Silesian area (Katowice, Ostrava et al.). Vissa av länderna har en del av sin areal i andra kontinenter. [110], The EU has no formal connection to any religion. Housing, youth, childhood, Functional diversity or elderly care are supportive competencies of the European Union and can be financed by the European Social Fund. This process is normally underpinned by an Action Plan, as agreed by both Brussels and the target country. In 1957, when the EEC was founded, it had no environmental policy. [289][290][291], All EU and many other European countries offer their citizens a free European Health Insurance Card which, on a reciprocal basis, provides insurance for emergency medical treatment insurance when visiting other participating European countries. [55] This community helped to economically integrate and coordinate the large number of Marshall Plan funds from the United States. It aims to detect and stop illegal immigration, human trafficking and terrorist infiltration. The European Social Charter is the main body that recognizes the social rights of European citizens. In 1992, having negotiated the structure and procedures of a currency union, the member states signed the Maastricht Treaty and were legally bound to fulfil the agreed-on rules including the convergence criteria if they wanted to join the monetary union. außerordentlicher Karlspreis 2004", Press freedom in the EU Legal framework and challenges, "European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations", "Institutional integration and economic growth in Europe", "The European Union's authoritarian equilibrium", Historical Archives of the European Union, Eurostat – European Union Statistics Explained, The European Union: Questions and Answers, European Coal and Steel Community (1951–2002), European Economic Community (1958–1993/2009), Mechanism for Cooperation and Verification, Cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants, Largest cities by population within city limits, Orders, decorations, and medals of the European Union, Western European Union Mission Service Medal, Community of Latin American and Caribbean States, Directive on the re-use of public sector information, Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market, Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. v. Cadbury UK Limited, Directive on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions, Directive on the legal protection of designs, Directive on the Protection of Trade Secrets, German Law on the Protection of Trade Secrets, Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, Rome Convention for the Protection of Performers, Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, American Foundation for AIDS Research (AMFAR), Association of Academies of the Spanish Language, Daughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, Spanish Organization for the Blind (ONCE), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=European_Union&oldid=1017264973, International organizations based in Europe, United Nations General Assembly observers, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages, Articles containing Bulgarian-language text, Articles containing Croatian-language text, Articles containing Estonian-language text, Articles containing Finnish-language text, Articles containing Hungarian-language text, Articles containing Italian-language text, Articles containing Latvian-language text, Articles containing Lithuanian-language text, Articles containing Maltese-language text, Articles containing Portuguese-language text, Articles containing Romanian-language text, Articles containing Slovene-language text, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles containing Swedish-language text, Pages using collapsible list without both background and text-align in titlestyle, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles lacking reliable references from January 2021, All articles that may have off-topic sections, Wikipedia articles that may have off-topic sections from December 2020, Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2020, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2020, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013, Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with Trove identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [q] The EU has legal personality, with the right to sign agreements and international treaties. In 2015 the European Commission presented its proposal for a new European Border and Coast Guard Agency having a stronger role and mandate along with national authorities for border management. [240], Two of the original core objectives of the European Economic Community were the development of a common market, subsequently becoming a single market, and a customs union between its member states. The average annual net earnings in the European Union was around €24,000 (US$30,000)[239] in 2015. Accordingly, the Union has legislated in areas such as extradition,[185] family law,[186] asylum law,[187] and criminal justice. Ihre Rechte, wenn Sie in einem anderen EU-Land leben, arbeiten, reisen oder studieren möchten (Gesundheitsversorgung, Verbraucherrechte usw.) Malta seit 2004 16. That a particular policy area falls into a certain category of competence is not necessarily indicative of what legislative procedure is used for enacting legislation within that policy area. Belgien seit 1952 2. [128] Notwithstanding its different configurations, it is considered to be one single body. [282] The EU has a target of zero GHG emission by 2050. 80% of its programming are provided in equal proportion by the two member companies, while the remainder is being provided by the European Economic Interest Grouping ARTE GEIE and the channel's European partners. European Union - Official website of the European Union. Die Länder in der Europäischen Union (EU) werden Mitgliedstaaten genannt. The European Union represents all its members at the World Trade Organization (WTO), and acts on behalf of member states in any disputes. Portugal seit 1986 20. Cities are largely spread out across the EU with a large grouping in and around the Benelux. [274] According to the Institute for European Environmental Policy, environmental law comprises over 500 Directives, Regulations and Decisions, making environmental policy a core area of European politics. [215] The European Development Fund (EDF, €22.7 billion for the period 2008–2013 and €30.5 billion for the period 2014–2020) is made up of voluntary contributions by member states, but there is pressure to merge the EDF into the budget-financed instruments to encourage increased contributions to match the 0.7% target and allow the European Parliament greater oversight. Bulgarien seit 2007 3. [274] [30][31] Medieval Christendom and the political power of the Papacy have been cited as conducive to European integration and unity.[32][33][34][35][relevant? [57] These men and others are officially credited as the founding fathers of the European Union. [108][109] The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages ratified by most EU states provides general guidelines that states can follow to protect their linguistic heritage. [316] Since 2008, the organisers of this prize, in conjunction with the European Parliament, have awarded the Charlemagne Youth Prize in recognition of similar efforts led by young people. [251], The EU has had legislative power in the area of energy policy for most of its existence; this has its roots in the original European Coal and Steel Community. There are some EU policies that have affected sport, such as the free movement of workers, which was at the core of the Bosman ruling that prohibited national football leagues from imposing quotas on foreign players with European citizenship. Schweden seit 1995 22. EU policies aim to ensure the free movement of people, goo… Due to the huge volume of EU rules and regulations each candidate country must adopt as national law, the negotiations take time to complete. [276] In subsequent years, the environment became a formal policy area, with its own policy actors, principles and procedures. Language policy", "Special Eurobarometer 243: Europeans and their Languages (Executive Summary)", "Many tongues, one family. Kiljunen, Kimmo (2004). [213], The European Commission's Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection department, or "ECHO", provides humanitarian aid from the EU to developing countries. Dies sind etwa 5,8% der Weltbevölkerung. Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000 implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin (OJ L 180, 19 July 2000, pp. For more information see, See Article 288 (ex Article 249 TEC) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, on, According to the principle of Direct Effect first invoked in the Court of Justice's decision in. Gemessen am Bruttoinlandsprodukt ist der EU-Binnenmarkt der größte gemeinsame Wirtschaftsraum der Erde. In addition, both are official languages of several EU member states. Eine vollständige und aktuelle Liste der Mitgliedstaaten der EU findest du auf der Website des Auswärtigen Amtes. [83] Its population growth rate was positive at an estimated 0.23% in 2016. The Euro vs. [298], Cultural co-operation between member states has been an interest of the EU since its inclusion as a community competency in the Maastricht Treaty. The independent European Research Council allocates EU funds to European or national research projects. [304], The Treaty of Lisbon requires any application of economic rules to take into account the specific nature of sport and its structures based on voluntary activity. [252], The EU has five key points in its energy policy: increase competition in the internal market, encourage investment and boost interconnections between electricity grids; diversify energy resources with better systems to respond to a crisis; establish a new treaty framework for energy co-operation with Russia while improving relations with energy-rich states in Central Asia[253] and North Africa; use existing energy supplies more efficiently while increasing renewable energy commercialisation; and finally increase funding for new energy technologies. [citation needed] For example, in 2001 the commission for the first time prevented a merger between two companies based in the United States (GE and Honeywell) which had already been approved by their national authority. Social security main legislation is found in the Equal Treatment in Occupational Social Security Directive 86/378, the Equal Treatment in Social Security Directive 79/7/EEC, the Social Security Regulation 1408/71/EC and 883/2004/EC and the Directive 2005/36/EC. Mitgliedsstaaten der Europäischen Union Die Europäische Union ist ein europäischer Staatenverbund aus 27 Mitgliedsstaaten. [82] For comparison, the EU-28 birth rate had stood at 10.6 in 2000, 12.8 in 1985 and 16.3 in 1970. The Article 17 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union[111] recognises the "status under national law of churches and religious associations" as well as that of "philosophical and non-confessional organisations". The euro currency became the second largest reserve currency in the world. [79] See also Member state of the European Union, As of 1 February 2020[update], the population of the European Union was about 447 million people (5.8% of the world population). [62], In 1973, the Communities were enlarged to include Denmark (including Greenland, which later left the Communities in 1985, following a dispute over fishing rights), Ireland, and the United Kingdom. The number of stars is invariably twelve, the figure twelve being the symbol of perfection and entirety.